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Baohe Bureau [ edit ]
Po River Authority , formerly known as Henan Bureau , the Qing Dynasty in Henan Kaifeng an established cast made money in the mint coins innings . Junji four years (1647), the Qing government set up in Kaifeng Bureau of South Gate mint coins, known as "Henan Bureau" Yongzheng between changed its name to "Po River Authority", until the late Qing Dynasty. The Qing government had shut down the Baohe Bureau many times in order to adjust the currency circulation. The longest one was the end of the Yongzheng period. The calendars of the Qianlong , Jiaqing , and Daoguang periods stopped casting for more than 120 years. In Xianfeng four years (1854), Baohe Bureau reopened the cast and stopped casting until Guangxu . [1] [2]
Required for the circulation of Henan Province, made money mostly Henan Bureau and the Po River Bureau, the council cast Junji reign , Kangxi reign , Yongzheng reign , Xianfeng reign , Xianfeng treasures , Xianfeng ingot , Tongzhi reign , Guangxu reign variety reign of money , Junji reign of back-office record text has characters "river", "river a cent " and full of Chinese "river." They are, Kangxi reign of the Manchu is "river" after For the Manchu "Baohe." [1] [2]
History [ edit ]
The Henan Provincial Bureau was established in the period of Shunzhi . Its first coin was Shunzhi Treasureback-style single-word note type money, which is the so-called Shunzhi II style. However, the specific year of its casting was different: Qianlong between the book " Qing Annals " records the council in open cast Junji four years (1647), Qianlong period into a book, " Qing Dynasty book of General " and Werner Bu Weina book " Qing Qian compiled Chronicle " records It was also Shunzhi four years [3] :43 , but during the Xianfeng years, the book “The Making of Money Through Examination ” was recorded as the first year of Shunzhi (1644) [ 11 ] :11 . The statement of “Making Money Exams” does not match the records of the official literature, and it cannot be linked with Shun Zhi’s casting time. [5] :10 “Henan Province Zhi” and “Shunzhi Tongbao Money Spectra” all agree with the statement of Shunzhi four years. [1] [5] There are two types of backs for the single-word money written by the Henan Provincial Bureau: the word "river" and the word "river", and the time for casting is later. [5] :15-17 [6] :72-73
In the 10th year of Shunzhi (1653), the Qing government reconstructed a piece of money of Shunzhi Tongbao, which weighed two cents and 5% each. This type of money is characterized by the use of money to wear a left-hand cast of the Chinese character “一厘” and to wear a right cast. There is a Chinese character kanji. The kanji character of the Henan Provincial Bureau is "River." In the 14th year of Shunzhi (1657), the Qing government only opened Baoquan and Baoyuan two Beijing Bureaus to recast the Shunzhi-Tongbao-backed Manchurian style money, which weighed four cents per sentence. The Henan Provincial Bureau was suspended along with other provincial capital bureaus. Cast. [4] :23-25 In the 17th year of Shunzhi (1660), fifteen local bureaus of Henan Province reopened and cast money. Each article weighed four cents. It was called Shunzhi Manchu Style or In the Shunzhi Five Style, the backs of the coins coined by the Henan Provincial Bureau were recorded in the word “River” in the Manchu language. [5] :11-12 [6] :72-73
In the first year of Kangxi (1662), the Qing government opened the " Kang Xi Tong Bao " money, but all other money bureaus except the Baoquan Bureau and the Second Bureau of the Jiangning Government Bureau were stopped. In the six years (1667) of the Kangxi reign, the Ministry of Finance re-opened various provincial-level money bureaus, and the Henan Provincial Bureau created the “Han River” inscribed on the back of “Kangxi Tongbao”. In the nine years of Kangxi (1670), several bureaus of the Henan Provincial Bureau stopped casting. [4] :34-36 [3] : 81 Yongzheng seven years (1729), Henan Provincial Bureau reopened, casting " Yong Zheng Tong Bao " money. In the sixty-first year of Emperor Kangxi (1722), after Qing Dynasty was sworn in, it was stipulated that all provinces left only one money casting bureau, and Qian Wen used Manchu. The Bureau of Henan Province was renamed Baohe Bureau and it was cast in the form of "Pohe." In Yongzheng nine years (1731), Baohe Bureau stopped casting. [3] : 90,95
In the four years of Xianfeng (1854), the Qing government made a decision to cast the Xianfengfeng money in the newly-built Baohe Bureau of Henan Province , which was supervised by the Supervisor of the Grain and Salt Bureau . In the same year, the second day of July and August 25 (August 25th), the furnace was set to be cast. There were various specifications such as when one thousand, five hundred, hundred, fifty, ten, and so on. When the top ten money weighs four money and four points, when the fifty weighs one or two two bucks, when one hundred weighs one or two or four bucks, when fifty, when the face of the top ten is " Shanfeng Feng Bao, " when the hundred or more big money The article is " Shanfeng Ingot ." Later, when thousands and five hundred dollars, when hundred, when the fifty big money has been cast, Baohe Bureau was cast as ten big money. In the same year, Henan Province in Huaiqing House Hanoi County (now the Jiaozuo Qinyang ) set up test furnace cast iron money . Xianfeng five years (1855), when the top ten money stopped casting. On November 25 of the same year (January 2, 1865), the provincial bureau opened cast-iron money, and the quasi-people used money to mix in 20% iron money. In the nineteenth year of Xianfeng (1859), both the provincial bureau and the military bureau stopped casting. The Bao River Bureau of the World Preservation Bureau has Xian Feng’s money, including Xiao Ping, Dang Shi, Dang Shi50, Dangbai, Dangbai, and Hundreds of Grades. The materials are copper, iron, and lead, and Xiao Ping’s money is mostly iron. . [7] :356-357 [8] :186-197
During the Tongzhi and Guangxu years, the Baohe Bureau had cast Tongzhi Tongbao and Guangxu Tongbao money. In the 30 years of Guangxu (1904), the Henan Tongyuan Bureau was established and copper coins were opened. With the rise of copper coins, the making of money gradually declined. [1]
Reference [ edit ]
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Henan Province Financial Journal, Chapter 2 Currency, Section 1 Metal Coin . Henan Province Love Network.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Chief Editor Shao Wenjie. Henan Dictionary, Financial Finance and Eight Paintings . Henan Province Love Network.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Werner Bunerner. Ching CHI Chronicle/CH ING CASH UNTIL 1735. Taipei: Meiya Publishing House. 1976 (in English) .
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 [Qing] Tang and Kun Yuji; Yan Hongdian. Making money through examination. Beijing: Central University for Nationalities Press. 1994. ISBN 7-81001-793-4 .
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 佟昱. Shunzhi Tongbao Money Spectra. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Press. 2006. ISBN 7-101-05385-8 .
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Mu Xunchen; Textual Research on Shunzhi Treasure Money System[J]; Lantai World; 2010-23
- ^ Ma Dingxiang, Chief Editor; Ma Chuande, Xu Yuan ed. Xian Feng Quan Hui. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House. 1994. ISBN 7-208-01857-X .
- ^ Qi Zongyou's compilation. China's numismatic series of five species - Xianfeng money layout series. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Press. 2002. ISBN 7-101-02416-5 .
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3 categories :
- Qing Dynasty coinage agency
- Kaifeng History
- Jiaozuo History
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